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Reptile Theory in Family Law Litigation

Posted by Daesik Shin on 05/11/2026

Behavior in Court

Personal injury lawyers representing plaintiffs in tort cases, such as car accident cases, and defense lawyers are familiar with the Reptile Theory. Essentially, the Reptile Theory suggests that certain parts of the human mind---the jury's mind---are "reptilian" in nature in that it controls instinctive behaviors related to fear and anxiety, which the plaintiffs' lawyers can manipulate to achieve the substantial jury verdict. See generally Reptile: The 2009 Manual of the Plaintiff's Revolution, David Ball and Don Keenan; see also Shadow Tort Law: Lessons from the Reptile, Kenneth S. Abraham, Columbia Law Review.

Therefore, in practice, personal injury plaintiffs' lawyers may employ the Reptile by making the jury feel that the defendants' negligence could jeopardize the jury's---and the general community's---safety and that the jury should punish the defendants by returning large verdicts. Simply put, this strategy appeals to the emotions of the jury rather than logic and reason. Does the Reptile Theory play a role in divorce litigation as well?

Family Law Judges Are Human Beings, Too

While certain issues in divorce cases can be resolved through a jury trial, divorce trials are generally heard by the presiding judge (i.e., bench trial). Judges preside over many divorce cases---each with unique facts. They are familiar with both substantive family law and rules of evidence. Nonetheless, judges are human beings, too, which means that their decision-making process may be influenced by factors peripheral to substantive evidence presented at trials. For example, a party's behavior in court during a final trial may influence the judge's decision-making process because that party's behavior may affect the judge's assessment of that party's credibility as a witness.

How Should a Party Behave in Court?

A party---whether the plaintiff or the defendant---should understand that the presiding judge generally does not know the parties outside of the litigation. Therefore, it is important for both parties to leave a good, first impression on the judge.

Be Truthful

Lying in court will be frowned upon by the judge. Even lying about a minor fact may have significant consequences. That is, the judge may think, "If he is lying about such a minor fact, what else would he lie about during his testimony at the final trial?" In other words, if a party gets caught lying once, then the judge may not believe whatever that party has to say in court. Also, giving dishonest testimony may be perjury, which may be a crime.

Further, lawyers cannot present evidence, including a party's testimony, that they know to be false. If a client insists on presentation of false evidence through his or her lawyer, then that lawyer may need to withdraw from representing that client.

Simply put, there is nothing good that will result from lying in court. Therefore, both parties should be truthful throughout the divorce litigation.

Be Polite to Everyone, Including Your Spouse


Divorce litigation, especially those involving contested child custody, may be nasty. Nonetheless, both parties are expected to treat each other fairly and politely. The last thing the presiding judge wants to see is emotional parents pointing fingers at each other about co-parenting issues at the final trial. Therefore, it would be wise for a party to be the bigger person. In other words, even if the other party shows aggressive behavior, the proper way to handle such aggression is to deescalate the situation.

Behaving properly---both in and out of court---is especially important in divorce cases where custody of minor children is contested. This is because the judge will consider the best interests of the children when making rulings on custody of the minor children. For example, the following are some of the factors the judge will consider under the best-interest-of-the-children standard, all of which may involve a party's behavior:

(1) The capacity and disposition of each parent to give the children love, affection, and guidance and to continue the education and rearing of the children;

(2) The home environment of each parent considering the promotion of nurturance and safety of the children rather than superficial or material factors;

(3) Each parent's past performance and relative abilities for future performance of parenting responsibilities;

(4) The willingness and ability of each of the parents to facilitate and encourage a close and continuing parent-child relationship between the child and the other parent, consistent with the best interest of the child; and

(5) Any recommendation by a court appointed custody evaluator or guardian ad litem.

A party's ability to co-parent with the other parent is an important factor that the judge will consider in ruling on custody issues. For example, if a wife, when being cross-examined by the other party's lawyer, continuously argues with the other party's lawyer and refuses to answer the questions from the other party's lawyer, then the presiding judge may infer from such behavior that the wife may be the cause of the parties' co-parenting issues. Another example of poor behavior in court includes a husband rolling his eyes when the other party is testifying in court.

From the presiding judge's vantage point, the judge may be able to see many things occurring in his or her courtroom, including the parties' behavior. Poor behavior will have no benefit at all. Therefore, it would be wise for each party to do his or her best to leave a good impression on the judge.

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Divorce Process
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